The Role Of Antioxidants In Dental Health
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The Role Of Antioxidants In Dental Health
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Antioxidant Rich Diet
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The Connection Between Diet And Oral Health By Samir Dalsania
By Giuseppe MalcangiGiuseppina Malcangi SciProfiles SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, † , Assunta PatanoAssunta Patano SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, † , Anna Maria CiociaAnna Maria Ciocia SciProfiles SciProfiles Preprints. org Google Scholar 1 , Fabio ViapianoFabio Viapiano SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1 , Irene PalumboIrene Palumbo SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1 , Irma Trilli Irma Trilli SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar Preprints.org Google Scholar Preprints.org Google Scholar Preprints.org Danilo Inchingolo SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1 , Gianna DipalmaGianna Dipalma SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, * , Francesco InchingoloFrancesco Inchingollito SciProfiles, Min 1 etti SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scilit Preprints.org Google SciProfiles Preprints .org Google Scholar 1
Submission received: 22 May 2023 / Revised: 31 May 2023 / Accepted: 19 June 2023 / Published: 20 June 2023
(This article is a Special Issue on the Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Systems in Oral Health)
In recent years, special attention has been paid to the connection between oxidation reduction mechanisms and human health. Free radicals produced by cellular biological processes are a major contributor to oxidation events. Their instability is the main cause of cellular damage. Free radicals containing reactive oxygen species are the most well-known. The body reduces the harmful effects of free radicals by producing endogenous antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and melatonin). The field of studying nutraucetics has found antioxidant power in things like vitamins A, B, C, E, coenzyme Q-10, selenium, flavonoids, lipoic acid, carotenoids, and lycopene contained in certain foods. There are many areas of research aimed at investigating the interaction between reactive oxygen species, exogenous antioxidants, and microbiota to promote greater protection through the peroxidation of macromolecules (proteins and lipids) by maintaining a dynamic balance between the species involved in the microbiota. In this scoping review, we aim to map the scientific literature on oxidative stress associated with the oral microbiota, and the use of natural antioxidants to counteract it, to assess the extent, nature, characteristics, and type of studies available to date, and suggest potential gaps appear in the analysis.
Why Green Tea Is Good For Your Teeth
Oxidation-reduction reactions are produced physiologically during the metabolic processes of aerobic cells and are necessary for natural life. Free radical reactive oxygen species (ROS) containing oxygen are the most well-known products of aerobic metabolism [1].
Recent scientific studies are increasingly confirming that the high presence of free radicals, caused by the strengthening of biochemical oxidation reduction processes in the metabolism of cells, has a very negative impact on human health and the ability to heal. Free radicals, with unpaired electrons in their orbitals, tend to form pairs, initiating chain reactions that lead to cellular damage [2, 3]. The concentration of ROS increases as cell metabolism increases in response to hormonal and neuronal stimuli, and in pathological conditions (inflammation, ischemia, diabetes, etc. 6] (Figure 1).
Superoxide (primary radical) begins when, through an enzymatic and non-enzymatic reaction, an oxygen molecule receives an electron. A chain reaction can be caused by an electron radical. The body reduces the harmful effects of free radicals by producing endogenous antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and melatonin), to protect against damage caused by ROS, especially in the early stages [1, 7].
So far, nutraceuticals have identified a number of antioxidant substances, especially polyphenols (PF), isoprenoids, vitamins A, B, C, D, and E, coenzyme Q-10, selenium, flavonoids, lipoic acid, carotenoids and lycopene. [8], 9]. The control of free radical concentrations is very important not only for the balance of the gut microbiota but also for the oral microbiota (OMB) [10, 11]. Many natural antioxidants can be administered through diet. The Mediterranean diet (known as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity), which includes cereals, pulses, virgin olive oil, fruits, vegetables and a small portion of animal protein, has been found to be the most suitable to adhere to the preparation. diet and prevent the onset of diseases (cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and neoplasms) [12, 13]. A lower rate of oral cancer is associated with more fruit and vegetable consumption. Green tea (GT), curcumin (CUM), and resveratrol (RSV) are among the most researched substances, which contain large amounts of PF, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, antitoxic, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic properties. Recent research has shown that PFs also have epigenetic properties. PFs are able to influence the expression of genetic inheritance, which is necessary for the treatment of cancer and its clinical course and the possible control of the development of invasive diseases [8, 14, 15].
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GT and CUM, rich in natural antioxidant agents such as phenols, bioflavonoids, tetraterpenes, alkaloids and nitrogen, have been shown to prevent the initial stages and reduce the final stages of carcinogenesis in general and processes of inflammation [16].
GT extract, from a Southeast Asian plant, Camellia sinensis, has an important role in the management of periodontal disease and caries [17]. Along with protein, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and vit. C, B1, B2, B3, and B6, rich in PF called catechins, including the antioxidants epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and epigallocatechin (EGC) which can counteract inflammatory processes and reduce the production of key pro-inflammatory cytokines. from inflammatory periodontal tissues (IL-1, IL-6, PGE2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)), which are at the heart of the initiation of gingival diseases and decay processes [18, 19, 20]. Catechin, especially EGCG, with antibacterial activities, prevents the development and evolution of the disease. GT tincture, which acts as an antiseptic, can be used as a mouthwash and halitosis because it reduces the amount of volatile sulfur produced by bacteria through their action on epithelial cells, saliva proteins and food residues. Administered after massage and root sessions, it improves the healing process. Being rich in antioxidants, it protects against cell damage by causing apoptosis in oral cancer cells, reducing the risk of oral cancer and reducing its progression even in smoking patients [21]. GT has been recognized as having chemopreventive and therapeutic activity in oral cavity tumors, especially squamous cell tumors. It has been observed to regulate gene expression in oral tumors, reducing the activity of phase I enzymes aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), DT-diaphorase (DTD), cytochrome b 5, cytochrome P450, cytochrome b 5 reductase, cytochrome P450 reductase and increase. . phase II enzymes glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDP-GT) [22, 23]. The difficulty in determining the initiation of cancerous lesions from malignant stages is reflected in the continuous administration of GT PFs. This may depend on changes in cell membranes, DNA/RNA/protein transcription processes of epigenetic factors, and the ability of PFs to influence cell function [17]. GT by reducing the absorption of unsaturated fats, hyperlipidemia, blood cholesterol and the onset of osteoporosis and the concentration of bacteria in the oral cavity helps bone fusion processes in dental implant surgery [24, 25]. Despite its many beneficial effects, GT, which contains caffeine, can cause anxiety, nervousness and insomnia if used excessively, as well as being hepatotoxic and affecting thyroid function [26].
CUM, also known as diferuloylmethane, is the main polyphenolic compound found in the rhizomes of Curcuma longa. CUM is recognized to have pleiotropic activities (anti-inflammatory,